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A Sociology Exhibit

Organizing Relationships

The War and Unity : Being Lectures Deliv... (by Cranage, David Herbert Somerset)
The Evolution of the Country Community :... (by Wilson, Warren Hugh)
Professional ethics and civic morals (by Durkheim, Emile)
Theories of society; foundations of mode... (by Parsons, Talcott)
Five Lectures on Blindness (by Kate M. Foley)
Down with the Cities! (by Nakashima, Tadashi)
The social principles of Jesus (by Rauschenbusch, Walter)
Wage Labour and Capital (by Marx, Karl)
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of... (by Smith, Adam)
Quaker Hill; A Sociological Study (by Wilson, Warren Hugh)
Eugenics Marriage and Birth Control Prac... (by William Josephus Robinson)
The Threefold State, The True Aspect of ... (by Steiner, Rudolf)
A Far Country (by Churchill, Winston)
Manifesto of the Communist Party (by Marx, Karl)
The Fertility of the Unfit (by Chapple, W. A)

Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit

Many disciplines beyond Sociology, such as Mathematics and Psychology and Economics, are utilized in the Social Sciences. In our Collections under these and other topics, contain hundreds of titles by writers and theorists who have dedicated to their lives to the study of human society. Featured books in the following collections include Herbert Spencer, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Talcott Parsons and David Emile Durkheim.

Sociology of Past Power Structures

Throughout history, all sub-disciplines of Sociology, as well and religious and government groups have been studied and experimented with different methods of social organization of population. Sometimes, these attempts at social definitions and control have been tempered, but at other times, rigid – some men have use groups for their own gain. Ultimately, however, if social organization is to be implemented, it has to be understood.

From the beginning of time, both men and animals have used verbal and non-verbal cues and strategies to enforce hierarchy. With chimpanzees, it is the Alpha Male. With men: Domesday Books, mathematics and accounting, psychology and linguistics. The word “organization” is derived from the Greek word organon, which means "organ." Therefore, studies of how groups of people (with a common goal) structure themselves, is the study of mankind and its relationships as a collective.

The Domesday Book, created under the reign of William the Conqueror, has been studied to understand the role of documentation in asserting authority and also to facilitate taxation. According to Young Folks’ History of England, William the Conqueror was a Norman who conquered England. In 1086, he ordered the documentation of land, livestock and taxes under the administration of the previous rulers, to find out what would be transferred over to Norman rule. Whatever was recorded in the Domesday book could not be appealed. The data that William the Conqueror collected into the Domesday book revealed his tendency for control. In the book titled, William the Conqueror, it is said that “William would not set...over any part of his dominions before his time, and it was his policy to keep his children dependent on him. While he enriched his brothers, he did not give the smallest scrap of the spoils of England to his sons” (William the Conqueror, World Heritage Encyclopedia). Robert, his son, was angry about this and fought his father in a battle, but later asked for his pardon. Today, the Domesday Books is considered an artifact of sociological research. Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886 examines how this document changed the course of history in the United Kingdom (Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886, Edward P. Dove).

Debates in Defining Sociology

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was a 19th-Century Belgian mathematician, statistician and sociologist who introduced statistical methods into the social sciences. He assigned variables to the complexity of social phenomena, in order to measure the statistical laws underlying crime, marriage or suicide rates. Other scientists thought his ideas were controversial because it contradicted freedom of choice (“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia).

The author of Adolphe Quetelet, A Statistician discusses Auguste Comte as another researcher of social physics and sociology, but that Quetelet invented the method of investigation for “social physics” (Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician, Frank Hamilton Hawkins). So Comte reinvented the term sociologie (sociology) to differentiate it from Quetelet’s collection of statistics (“Adolphe Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Comte believed that there was an order of nature, not of man, which could be scientifically understood by unifying history, psychology and economics. Social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, or using a broader philosophy that methodologically orders scientific observations (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). In this book, Ward writes Comte’s use of the term “hierarchy” did not imply subordination. “There is genetic affiliation without subordination. The more complex and less exact sciences may be regarded as the children of the more simple and exact ones, but between parent and offspring there is no difference or rank.” Additionally, he wrote that Comte “laid the foundations for understanding the more complex sciences by acquainting himself with the simpler ones upon which the other sciences successively rest” (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). Other social scientists like Karl Marx also mixed scientific methods to measure social impacts of industrialization occurring in Europe, documented in his work Wage Labour and Capital ("Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx).

Studying Social Life

David Émile Durkheim was a 19th century French sociologist who believed that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the specific actions of individuals. Barbara Anne Mendheim however, applied sociology differently in The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. She writes that people gain knowledge of the social world by identifying typicality and finding language to order their social experience. For example, girls understand that being a girl means being personally relevant and intimate with other people. Boys understand being a boy through being powerful and competent in the world (The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom, Barbara Anne Mendheim). However, in Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes uses sociological methods to explore how women in Egyptian and Iranian society were given opportunity for education and in leadership. But in Roman culture, women’s roles were to birth children. Women’s positions in society are influenced by the dominant culture’s definition of their functions and role in society (Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes).

Sociology has also been used to study group relations. Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism discusses how entrepreneurs used religion to spread the system of capitalism. By tapping into religious belief systems, he proffered, people could work toward their profit making motive.

Works Cited

"August Compte." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

“David Émile Durkheim.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Domesday Book." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Dove, P. Edward. "Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886." London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1886.

Downes, Robert. Woman: Her Charm and Power. London: The Epworth Press, 1900.

Hawkins, Frank Hamilton. Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1877.

“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Marx, Karl. "Wage Labour and Capital." Neue Rheinische Zeitung, April 1849. Reproduced: World Public Library, 2002. Web.

Mendheim, Barbara Anne. The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. Diss. University of Florida, 1979.

“Norman People.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Sociology." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Ward, Lester Frank. Outlines of Sociology. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1921.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner, 1930

“William the Conqueror.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Young Folks’ History of England. Boston: Estes and Lauriet, 1879.

Sociology Collections

"Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit" demonstrates how sociological methods have been used to study the configuration of power, through documentation, analysis of order, and social effects. Sociology brings together different methods of thinking, to understand the complexity of society more accurately, and why we should always be vigilant of power.

Learn more about how the discipline of sociology is used, in these collections:

Top 100 books on Sociology

The War and Unity : Being Lectures Deliv... (by Cranage, David Herbert Somerset)
The Evolution of the Country Community :... (by Wilson, Warren Hugh)
Professional ethics and civic morals (by Durkheim, Emile)
Theories of society; foundations of mode... (by Parsons, Talcott)
Five Lectures on Blindness (by Kate M. Foley)
Down with the Cities! (by Nakashima, Tadashi)
The social principles of Jesus (by Rauschenbusch, Walter)
Wage Labour and Capital (by Marx, Karl)
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of... (by Smith, Adam)
Quaker Hill; A Sociological Study (by Wilson, Warren Hugh)
Eugenics Marriage and Birth Control Prac... (by William Josephus Robinson)
The Threefold State, The True Aspect of ... (by Steiner, Rudolf)
A Far Country (by Churchill, Winston)
Manifesto of the Communist Party (by Marx, Karl)
The Fertility of the Unfit (by Chapple, W. A)

Top 100 books on Psychology

Psychology from the Standpoint of a Beha... (by Watson, John B. (John Broadus))
The teacher's word book (by Thorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee))
The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psych... (by American Psychological Association)
A Psychological Counter-Current in Recen... (by Howells, William Dean, Editor)
Quit Your Worrying! (by George Wharton James)
Malignant Self Love (by Vaknin, Sam)
Essays in Radical Empiricism (by James, William)
Practical Lessons in Psychology (by William Otterbein Krohn)
Diary Written in the Provincial Lunatic ... (by Pengilly, Mary Huestis)
The Freedom of Life (by Call, Annie Payson)
The Psychology of Management: The Functi... (by Lillian Moller Gilbreth)
The Art of War (by Tzu, Sun)
Crime and Punishment (by Dostoevsky, Fyodor)
Totem and Taboo (by Freud, Sigmund)
Talks to Teachers on Psychology, And to ... (by James, William)

Top 100 books on Economics

Discourse Upon the Origin and the Founda... (by Rousseau, Jean-Jacques)
The Causes of Poverty (by Mccarthy, Callaghan)
Leviathan (Books I and II) (by Hobbes, Thomas)
Children of the Slaves (by Graham, Stephen)
The Communist Subversion of Czechoslovak... (by Josef Korbel)
A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foun... (by Rousseau, Jean Jacques)
The Trade Unions : An Appeal to the Work... (by Robert Somers)
Das Kapital (by Karl Marx)
Classless Capitalism (by Stern, Frederick Martin.)
The Prince (by Machiavelli, Niccolò)
Essays on Political Economy (by Frédéric Bastiat)
The Collapse of Capitalism (by Cahn, Herman)
The Theory of Moral Sentiments (by Smith, Adam)
Lombard Street : A Description of the Mo... (by Bagehot, Walter)
Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusio... (by Mackay, Charles)

Top 100 books on Government

The Charlotte Town Resolves (by Charlotte Town Committee)
History of the Greek Revolution : Compil... (by John Lee Comstock)
The Code of Hammurabi (by King, Leonard W.)
An Essay on the History of Civil Society (by Adam Ferguson)
Utopia (by More, Thomas, Sir, Saint, 1478-1535)
The Commonwealth of Oceana (by Harrington, James)
The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Ma... (by Thomas ( Hobbes)
Das Kapital (by Karl Marx)
Between Past and Future : Six Exercises ... (by Hannah Arendt)
The Petition of Right (by Relf, Frances Helen)
Robert's Rules of Order Revised for Deli... (by Robert, Henry M. (Henry Martyn))
The Rights of the British Colonies Asser... (by Otis, James)
Select Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero (by Marcus Tullius Cicero)
The Magna Carta (by Hutchinson, Joshua)
The Letters of Junius

Top 100 books on Law

Laws, Decisions, And Regulations Affecti... (by United States)
Nuclear proliferation : future U.S. fore... (by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Inter...)
Bank Secrecy Act : Implementation of the... (by Bonner, Robert C.)
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (by John Locke)
Roman Law in the Modern World (by Sherman, Charles Phineas)
Treatise on Law Summa Theologica Questio... (by Thomas Aquinas)
Bleak House (by Dickens, Charles)
The Path of the Law (by Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.)
Lectures on Jurisprudence (by Robert Campbell)
Leviathan (Books I and II) (by Hobbes, Thomas)
The Age of Reason (by Thomas Paine)
Utilitarianism (by Mill, John Stuart)
The Summa Theologica Volume I (by Thomas Aquinas)
Marrow of Tradition, The (by Chesnutt, Charles Waddell)
The United States' Constitution (by Fathers, Founding)

Top 100 books on Politics

The Iron Heel (by London, Jack)
Utilitarianism (by Mill, J. S.)
The Writings of Thomas Paine Volume Iv (by Paine, Thomas)
The Human Condition : Volume 5 (by Arendt, Hannah)
The Trial and Death of Socrates (by Plato)
The Wealth Of Nations (by Adam_Smith)
Federalist Papers, The (by Hamilton, Alexander)
The Philosophical Works of John Locke : ... (by John Locke)
The Gettysburg Address (by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865)
Utopia (by More, Thomas)
Meditations (by Aurelius, Marcus)
Les Misérables (by Hugo, Victor)
Rights of Man, Score Aor Rom Volume Vol. II (by Paine, Thomas)
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of C... (by Weber, Max)
Political Ideals (by Russell, Bertrand)

Top 100 books on Anthropology

Anthropology : An Introduction to the St... (by Edward Burnett Tylor)
The Dynamics of Culture Change : An Inqu... (by Malinowski, Bronislaw)
The Scope of Social Anthropology; A Lect... (by Frazer, James George, Sir)
Anthropology; An Introduction to the Stu... (by Tylor, Edward Burnett, Sir)
Sex and Repression in Savage Society (by Malinowski, Bronislaw)
Anthropology : Race, Language, Culture, ... (by Kroeber, Alfred Louis)
Kon Tiki Across the Pacific by Raft (by Thor Heyerdahl)
The Great Rift Valley : Being the Narrat... (by Gregory, John Walter)
Criminal Man, According to the Classific... (by Lombroso-Ferrero, Gina)
Pedagogical Anthropology (by Montessori, Maria)
Frederick Webb Hodge, Ethnologist : Tran... (by Hodge, Frederick Webb)
On the Functions of the Brain and of Eac... (by Gall, F. J., Franz Joséf)
On the Functions of the Brain and of Eac... (by Gall, F. J., Franz Joséf)
The Dolmens of Ireland, Their Distributi... Volume 1 (by Borlase, William Copeland)
The Anthropological Treatises of Johann ... (by Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich)